Communicative Approach in English Teaching - 4686 Words

Communicative Approach in English Teaching Outline I. Problems in the present English teaching and causes of these problems II. Introduce the communicative approach 1. The definition of communicative approach 2. Two principles of communicative approach (1) Create a realistic situation (2) The class should be students-centered III. Adopt communicative approach to improve students’ ability to listen and speak, and achieve the goal of English teaching 1. Three stages in communicative teaching 2. Communicative activities in class 3. Achieve the goal of English teaching through communicative approach IV. Conclusion Abstract Language is a means of communication. Although†¦show more content†¦II. Introduce the communicative approach 1. The definition of communicative approach Communicative approach refers to the theory of teaching according to the principle that the students and teachers should genuinely communicate with each other using the target language. 2. Two principles of communicative approach Among the numerous principles of communicative approach, there are two pieces of principles, which are more important in China’s English teaching. 2.1 Create more realistic situation The current teaching methods don’t emphasize the real world situations and fail to cultivate students’ spontaneity. Artificial conventions and mechanical question-and-answer sequences fall short of the flexible, spontaneous kind of communicative interaction required for performing a task with the context of situation relevant to the real world. Such classroom teaching forces learners to talk about things that are not of their own choosing and not based on their actual needs. Instead, they are provided with a rigid set of guided structures in isolation. Taught in this way, the learners frequently fail when they are faced with the read to produce the language related to a specific situation. Simulation techniques seem to be a better alternative, as they seek to place learners in a situation where they are asked to take on different roles and to. accomplish their specific tasks, including problem solving. TheyShow MoreRelatedCommunicative Approach1566 Words   |  7 PagesBEST APROCHE IN ENGLISH LANGUAJE TEACHING : THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROCHE I. Problems in the present English teaching and causes of these problems II. Introduce the communicative approach 1. The definition of communicative approach 2. Two principles of communicative approach †¢ Create a realistic situation †¢ The class should be students-centered III. Adopt communicative approach to improve students ability to listen and speak, and achieve the goal of English teaching 1. Three stagesRead MoreThe Western Training And Communicative Language Teaching1449 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Analyses the generic structure of the article The article is discussing the Western training and Communicative language teaching and mainly it argues about the impact of these teachings on a person who belongs from other languages. The role of TESOL is important here and the opinion and views of the other language teachers have been described. The discussion made in paper is in a proper and significant manner that is holding a generic structure for understanding. On the very first the paperRead MoreThe Approaches And Practices Of Language Teaching Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage Teaching Communicative Practices in Language Teaching What is communicative language teaching (CLT)? Brown (2014, p. 236) offered the following four interrelated characteristics as the definitions of CLT: 1. CLT helps students develop the four competences instead of merely focusing on their linguistic competence or grammatical competence 2. CLT enables learners to use the language for meaningful purposes in authentic situations. Learning language forms are not the aim of the approach, but toRead MoreEclectic Approach1425 Words   |  6 PagesUSING ECLECTIC APPOACH FOR FUTURE TEACHING Nowadays, English has become the Global language. It is the language of science, technology, economic, etc. As a result, learning English has become an essential need for everyone. While learners try their best to reach their goal of successful communicator in foreign language, teachers find ways to make language teaching effective. In this fashion, considering and choosing the right way in teaching is prior thing for all of teachers and I am not an exceptionRead MoreWhat Links Theory Into Practice Within The Classroom1647 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Methodology in EFL language teaching can be characterized in a number of ways. It is believed that methodology is what links theory into practice within the classroom. There are many different teaching methods that can be used in the classroom; in this essay I will compare and contrast the traditional grammar translation method, the communicative teaching approach and the audio-lingual method and the communicative approach and how they impact in the classroom environment. Deciding whichRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching ( Clt ) Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches led to the emergence of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) that focuses on the semantic aspects of the language and fluency in the target language acquisition. Communicative Language Teaching is aâ€Å"hybrid approach to language teaching, essentially ‘progressive’ rather than ‘traditional’ (Wright, 2000). It is based on the theory that the principal function of language learning is communication. Hence the most fundamental principle of communicative approach is to make the learners engage inRead MoreTeaching English For Speakers Of Other Languages ( Esol )1120 Words   |  5 Pagesgrammar teaching in the English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) classroom. Basically, two approaches which are task-based learning (TBL) and presentation practice production (PPP) will be discussed and compared from different aspects. A great quantity of English teachers consider the significant part of English teaching is about improving the communicative competence of students and grammar is less concerned than it. It cannot be deny that during the whole process of English teaching, grammarRead MoreThe Teaching Of English As A Foreign Language Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesworld as the whole, as a result, English has become the primary global lingua franca (Darasawang, Reinders, Waters, 2015, p. 2) †. The teaching of English as a foreign language (TEFL) in Thailand has initially started from the mid-19th century and it still plays the predominant role in Thai education nowadays. The national English curriculum made a major paradigm shift in mandating English as a compulsory subject in schools and universities. The English teaching method was influenced by westernRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching ( Clt ) Approach1367 Words   |  6 Pagesis the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach. Now adays, in fact, Communicative Language Teaching is one of the most common teaching methods adopted by teachers of second and foreign languages all over the world. Its origin can be found in the late 1960s early 1970s in the British academic system, which was undergoing a serious of changes that reflected, none other than, the changes that were occurring in society. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of what Communicative LanguageRead MoreEnglish As A Second Language1620 Words   |  7 PagesEvidence links the modern use of English to the European colonization and expansion in the last few centuries. While the issue is not whether or not English should be used at the global stage, most people in the modern age would agree that there is need for a standard language (Van Nguyen, 2010). English as a second language (ESL) is taught differently across the world. Even in regions that do not speak English as a native language (ENL) such as Asia, learning English is essential not only for understanding

Supply Chain Management An Effective Method Of...

1. Introduction In today’s turbulent market conditions, supply chain executives are facing huge pressure than ever when the need of coping with a whole range of supply chain challenges is increasing. Survey shows that leaders of successful companies are tailoring their supply chains to customer needs and adopting differential practices such as collaborative planning with customers and suppliers or new technologies which can help to retain and continue their competitive advantage ( PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 2013). Big Data is considered as an effective method of information exploration. Supply chain leaders believe that Big Data application is able to provide greater transparency and process automation within supply chains. It can also optimize logistics and distribution operations for businesses and therefore benefits both customers and suppliers. 1.1 An Overview of the Topic Supply chain is long and penetrates almost all business processes. The chain can extend from raw materials to final sales or deliveries to end users. It connects an organization with multiple levels of customers as well as suppliers, and acts as a channel on which to exchange information and transfer orders in terms of product flow (CIPS, 2013). The role of supply chain plays in a business determines the necessity of supply chain management (SCM) improvement. According to APICS Dictionary (2016), SCM involves â€Å"design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities†. It affectsShow MoreRelatedCulture Mistakes by Pizza Hut1311 Words   |  6 PagesTimes, 2010. Donovan  , R. Michael (2005).  Effective Supply Chain Management (Movahedi et al., 2009, defining supply chain management, evolution of supply chain studies Lambert, 2008) mentioned by Cooper et. al., 1997 Enclyclopedia of e-commerce (2009), definition of supply chain management 2007 – Springer; J Oleskow, M Fertsch, P Golinska, data mining as the efficient tool for the effective supply chain integration LIU.,F; study and explore the supply chain base on CRM, 10 Mar 2011   Tseng, D. SRead MoreA More Granular Breakdown Of The Four Categories Shown1196 Words   |  5 Pagespublicized examples of supply-chain implementations sourced from healthcare and hospital environments; †¢ Case studies and related articles: studies, white papers, and published dissertations with a specific focus on the healthcare supply chain; †¢ Supply chain publications and websites: organizations and associations specific to healthcare supply-chain management, including The Association for Healthcare Resource and Materials Management, Healthcare Purchasing News, and Supply Demand Chain Executive. MethodologyRead MoreOak Hills Case884 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Summary The Oak Hills facility is a manufacturing division of The Oil and Gas Service Company (TOGS). It manufactures special testing equipment used by the Exploration and Extraction (EE) unit in the search for oil and gas. Oak Hills battled major internal problems which included high inventory levels and long lead times for both domestic and international orders, in spite of lowered demand. Oak Hills doesn’t utilize resources such as MRP to plan production, lacks in manager to employeeRead MoreValue Chain Analysis By Harvard Business School1012 Words   |  5 PagesValue chain analysis is presented by Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter. It is a tool to determine the companies’ competitive advantages. A company has many resources, capabilities and competitive advantages, If the enterprise as a whole to consider, it is difficult to recognize these competitive advantages, we have to break down business activities, and considering these individual activities themsel ves and their relevance to determine the company s competitive advantage. Value chainRead MoreSupply Chain : A Source Of Competitive Advantage1658 Words   |  7 PagesSupply chain has gained importance in the current world of business. With the advent of globalization and competitive advantage being key aspects of organizational existence, it is essential to look into sustainability of the same. This research paper focuses on the need for this sustainability and how supply chains can make a difference to the sustainability of the planet. It will also explore supply chain practices that could be a source of competitive advantage. Introduction In the world ofRead MoreTarget Corporations Supply Chain Management1456 Words   |  6 PagesTarget Corporation Supply Chain Assignment Target’s Supply Chain Unit 2 Assignment GB570 Managing the Value Chain Dr. Rita Gunzelman Kaplan University December 12, 2011 Target’s Supply Chain The purpose of this paper is to show evidence of cohesive knowledge of the supply chain and how it works by the exploration of Target Corporation’s supply chain. Target, one of the nations largest retail chains, first opened in 1962 in Minnesota as key leadership were looking for new ways to move fromRead MoreImplementation of It to Supply Chain Management in Kazakhstan4251 Words   |  18 Pages1. Introduction The implementation of Information Technologies(IT) into Supply Chain Management (SCM) into any industry’s firm is an essential and crucial part for successful and productive firm performance: it’s knowledge about market demand, customer and supplier relationship. The main idea of this paper is to describe a framework for IT implementation and its impact on Supply Chain Management in the Kazakhstan Industry of Mining, Oil and Gas. The work will present in general IT types inRead MoreCreating Competitive Advantage through Supply Chain Management1413 Words   |  6 PagesCreating a Competitive Advantage through Supply Chain Management Introduction The supply chain is one of the primary ways in which an organization adds value to the consumer. Value is gained through this process in several ways. It can come from design, quality, price, or efficiency. Furthermore, supply chains can be optimized for tactical considerations such as turnover rates or economic, strategic decisions such as location or product life cycle management, or even strategic factors such as creatingRead MoreBusiness Intelligence, Analytics, And Supply Chain Management2663 Words   |  11 Pagesthe profitability of organizations and is affecting their supply chain management. Until recently, there has been little clarity into the relationship between business intelligence, analytics and supply chain management, but with the shift in information technology, organizations can now collect and organize information more clearly. Technologies like the cloud and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) have increased efficiencies in the supply chain and allowed companies to find cost saving opportunitiesRead MoreIt Role in International Business1455 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Technology †¢ Information technology (IT) is a field concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information †¢ Information technology can allow departments to more efficiently and successfully perform their business operations. Information technology is an important enabler of business success and innovation. International business International business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions that take place between two or more nations

Social Conflict in Public Schools Free Essays

Big American government is widely perceived as the foundation of social order in our country, yet it is, as some would say the single greatest source of disorder. Political power constantly tempts those who control it to enforce conformity with their own preferences of Education, and Religion, As seen in our country and many parts of the world, citizens will evade enforcers if they can but when necessary will fight back. Our public schools can also be looked at through the structural-functional theory In an article by Jim Powell entitled â€Å" Public Schools and Social Conflicts† he discusses the many conflicts in our public schools are primarily the product of our governments deliberate doings. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Conflict in Public Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the early 1840’s for instance, Protestant dominated public schools were made compulsory for the newly landed immigrant Irish and southern European Catholics. Conflict arose when the Catholics resented having to pay taxes for Protestant schools where courtesy of another government bodies mandate Protestant values were to be taught there as well. The Catholics proceeded to establish their own system of â€Å"parochial† schools, however the age old practice of collecting public school taxes still exists no matter where the student chooses to be educated. Religion is another public school related conflict that Jim Powell discusses. Here he discusses the most famous social conflicts of public school history, the issue of whether schools should teach the biblical story of how the world was created. The â€Å"Butler Act† which made it illegal for any public school to teach a theory that denied the biblical story was how the conflict began. After a series of trials, debates, court and governmental interventions, the conflict still exists. Our public schools can also be viewed under he structural-functional theory. The various cogs of our public schools were probably intended to work together coherently to promote solidarity and stability as the structural-functional theory would suggest. The compulsory mandate of schooling for every child was probably intended to keep the majority of the new population educated thus increasing their productivity in a very young country. Many sociologist like Karl Marx would see this as an opportunity to not only live with the interpreted word but to constantly enact changes to conform with the needs of the current population thus maintaining the desired solidarity and stability . This type of sociologist would suggest that one only had to pay school taxes if the child used the public school system. In our day and age it would seem fair to the children who are home schooled or for that matter senior citizens and families with no children using the public school system, so the burden lay only on the benefit users. Infact it is the main point of discussion whenever a school budget or election comes up in many a town. On the issue of religion, this type of sociologist one that values preserving the desired solidarity and stability would suggest that issues of the religious nature not be discussed at all and that religious students should have a silent moment of prayer should the need arise, thus lending value to the now popular â€Å"separation of church and state†. There are many manifest functions of the public school system that can be The public system is a solid, affordable and consistent source of education for the vast majority of the population and being government funded has its regulations and systems in place. Freedoms that Americans have gotten used to are valued as well. Lack of regulation can have it’s own set of problems as was exemplified in the current â€Å"Financial meltdown†. Latent functions could also be seen in the public school system as is evident in the fact that public colleges function as a â€Å"marriage market†. Here young people of similar socio-economic backgrounds meet and perhaps form lifelong relationships. As was evident in the case of the recent Royal wedding where in Kate Middleton, the daughter of a wealthy businessman was enrolled in a prestigious university thus enhancing her ability to possibly meet a partner of similar stature who in this instance happened to be Prince William. Many a relationships have begun this way and although very rarely acknowledged is a unrecognized and unintended consequence of the public school experience. The public school system does affect American cultural values namely :Equal opportunity along with Individual achievement and Personal success. The public school system does for the most part offer equal opportunity to everyone who wishes to pursue this or her individual dreams. With all the checks in the system it gets next to impossible for any given public education system to waiver making allowances when deemed fit and holding firm when necessary. Individual achievement and personal success are cultural values very connected to the value of equal opportunity. In America, more so than in many other parts of the world is truly the â€Å"Land of Opportunity† . The sky is the limit if one has the desire and dares to dream. With the theoretical perspective in mind it is imperative that American cultural values will change as time progresses. There are constant changes that the public school arena is exposed to: The changing mix of certain ethnic populations in a given environment has given rise to a need for educators with English as a Second language backgrounds. Another area where cultural values will change are in the Special Education arena where with the growing classifications and need to integrate young Special Ed students educators will have to make adjustments to the way the whole population is taught so as to promote solidarity and stability as the structural-functional theory would suggest. How to cite Social Conflict in Public Schools, Papers

Visual Understanding in Western Christianity and Secular Culture

Question: Describe about the Visual Understanding in Western Christianity and Secular Culture? Answer: The two different works of art in different era (Source: Kings Galleries 2016)Introduction: This particular study has intended to seek an in-depth insight of various popular works on Western culture and arts. Two different eras have been selected for that purpose. In the Victorian era (1837-1901), the trend of visual art had been maintained effectively. Numerous artists at that era left immense contribution in the field of English literature by depicting attractive piece of art. On the other hand, Romantic period (1825-1860) was popularly famous for the art of Ballet, a western form of dancing. This particular study has emphasized to choose two different works of art from different eras. Therefore, ballet has been chosen from romantic era and visual painting has been chosen from Victorian era. In this particular assignment, the background of the two forms of art has been discussed. Moreover, a wide range of comparison and contrast regarding the traits and features of two style of art has been described. Background of the two western culture that has been selected: After the disastrous consequence of Napoleon, the people had to face a dwindled situation in order to lead a systematic life. Havice and Miles stated that the unity among the people had been lost. They became self centric and tried to maintain a distance with each other. In this topsy-turvy situation, some of the eminent artists considered the fact that the people of society needs a change of in their life where they can get the opportunity to spend sometimes being relaxed beyond going the political boundary. At the very advent of 1825, the romantic era began. People liked to choose dancing together in order to spend leisure. This particular dance form has been named as ballet. Karimi commented that Ballet was very popular for the people of romantic era, as it has been considered as the major way to spend a peaceful life being together. After rendering this form of dancing, people loved to spend time with each other at the time of their relaxation. It somehow reduced the communicatio n gap among the people that had been raised severely after the defeat of Napoleon. The era of Victorian time started at the reign of Queen Victoria. After the industrial development of UK, the popularity of the country and the lifestyle of the people started to grow rapidly. As a result, the higher-class people as well as the middle class people of society intended to select painting as their profession. Kings opined that a large number of artists left their immense contribution by providing attractive visual art at the time of Victorian era. Other than profession, painting became one of the easiest ways of spending leisure hours for the people of Victorian era. A large number of people had left a remarkable contribution in the field of history of English literature for their artisanship. Geroge Gower, Rowland Lockey, Nicholas Hilliard are the name of eminent painters who became a stalwarts at the age of Victorian time. Presenting a compare and contrast of two works Apparently, the two sorts of art and culture are different from each other from the perspective of style. To some extent, they are similar to each other. Painting is nothing but the spontaneous overflow of emotion. Mack et al. stated that the painter exposes the skill of imagination as well as emotion through painting. As the same way dance is the extraordinary way of expressing love, hatred, affection with the help of which the human being can share their emotion to each other. Ballet especially is such type of dance form where a dancer needs a companion in order to perform in the stage. Therefore, from that perspective, the two sorts of art are similar to each other. On the other hand, the major difference between painting and ballet is that ballet is the form of gesture. Wood 2010 commented that people could show their emotion with various kinds of expression and gesture. The dancers can easily communicate with the spectators directly to explain their expression. As a result, the spectators can provide an immediate feedback about their performance. At the time of romantic era, ballet was one of the effective communication ways to exchange the emotion with each other. On the other hand, painters do not have the scope to communicate with the spectators directly. Their way of expression can never be shown in a true sense. Painting is the only way of expression for a genuine painter. One particular art plays the role of an intermediate between the artist and the spectators. Stratton opined that the gesture and the way of expression reflect on the painting of a true artist. In the Victorian era, numerous examples are there who remained remarkable in the page of English literature for their memorable artistry. Presenting brief self reflection Stone and Miles stated that Humanity is the form of human kindness that justifies the quality of a human being in order to make a sensitive as well as sensible human. Through the entire discussion, I personally have come across various forms of western art and culture. Mar and Anderson stated that music, architecture, visual painting, dancing are the different styles or the forms of western art. I have personally provided an emphasis on visual art and dancing. I have observed that in the age of Victorian time visual art had been given priority for making a profession. Before that, artists had never given any priority at that time. They had to struggle immensely in order to build their image or identity. I have even noticed how people have absorbed the form of ballot as their part of entertainment in romantic era. Miki commented that dance is the spontaneous way of expression that renders extreme joy and pleasure in the life of human being. Through the discussion, I have observed that people in the romantic period liked to share their leisure throwing a party where they loved to dance with each other for exchanging emotions. Among all sorts of dance ballot was the first priority for the people for that era as this particular form of dance needs a companion for performing in the stage. Conclusion: The entire study deals with the essence of western culture and art. Spending leisure with the various forms of art was one of the major traits of the people of western countries. Architecture, music, dancing, painting are the different styles of art that the western people liked to follow at the time of their relaxation. This particular study has concentrated on two particular western arts that are painting in the Victorian era and ballet in the romantic era. The discussion has extensively focused on how this different form of art can have a similarity with each other. Likewise, discussion has been made in which particular points the two different forms differ from each other. Reference List: Havice, C. and Miles, M. Image as Insight: Visual Understanding in Western Christianity and Secular Culture. Woman's Art Journal, 14(2), p.50-170, 2011. Karimi, P.. Of Cultural Diplomacy, Culture Games, and Curation of Non-Western Art. ARTMargins, 3(3), pp.98-110, 2014. Kings, J. (2016). Kings Galleries. [online] Available at: https://www.kingsgalleries.com [Accessed 16 Mar. 2016]. Mack, D., Everett, Y. and Lau, F. Locating East Asia in Western Art Music. Song and Popular Culture, 48, p.339-789, 2013. Mar, P. and Anderson, K. 2012. Urban Curating: The "Interspaces" of Art Collaboration in Western Sydney. Space and Culture, 15(4), pp.330-343, 2012. Miki, T.. The Influence of Western Culture on Japanese Art. Monumenta Nipponica, 19(3/4), p.380-890, 2008. Stone, J. and Miles, M.. Image as Insight: Visual Understanding in Western Christianity and Secular Culture. Studies in Art Education, 28(2), p.123-160, 2011. Stratton, J.. Landscapes: Central and Western Desert Paintings and the Discourse of Art. Theory, Culture Society, 11(1), pp.95-128, 2014. Wood, E. Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150-1950 Jane Bowers Judith Tick. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 13(2), pp.354-357, 2010.

Global Expansion Challenges Wal

Inventory Management Project Essays

Inventory Management Project Essays Inventory Management Project Essay Inventory Management Project Essay computer). The precision of a perpetual system can generate a report at any moment to reveal precisely the amount and quantity of inventory that should be on hand for any product in the system.Inventory shrinkage: This is a common problem in drugs inventory. In Servaid pharmacy lost, theft, wear and tear of inventory is charged to the employee’s salary. But in Fazal Din and Guardian pharmacy lose in invetory is beared by the company. Shortage of medicine: When a pharmacitical company do not produce a specific medicine like â€Å"Panadol Tablet† due to any reason then supply will be short in the market . The branch managers of these pharmacies told to research group it is very difficult to control this situtation because the pharmacitical companies do not inform us before shortage.In such situtation we offer subtitute with same formula otherwise we lose our customer and it decreases our goodwill. Use of software: All these pharmacies use computer software for inventory management these are very benefical and time consuming exercise. This softwear directly connected with the head office server. One person can check all stock of inventory within 20 to 30 minutes in front of computer. The software also creates automatic printed sales bills on the sale of drugs and also creat automatic invoice to ordering stock. Treatment of expiry:When the specific batch of drugs is reaching near expiry the software alerted and branch manager inform to their head office. In such case the pharmaciticals company sent a person who collects the medicine on the behalf of the company. If the employees of the pharmacy are unable to provide expiry drugs on time then the lose of expiry drugs is beared by the pharmacy. Temperature sensitive inventory: Drugs are kept in light temperature or moisture-free storage conditions. All drugs should be stored according to conditions described on the label. When specified on the l abel, controls for humidity, light, etc. hould be in place. Temperatures should be controlled and monitored using calibrated monitoring devices and records of temperature and alarms, were applicable, should be maintained.Monitoring is conducted at points representing the extremes of the temperature range based on temperature mapping. These pharmacies used refrigerator to store Temperature sensitive drugs. Floor temperature: 59-86 F and refigeration: 40-42 Change of weather: Changes in weather are also effect on inventory. These pharmaceutical outlets change their order according to the requirement. Like he sale of brufen syrup and zyrtec tablets is increase in winter season that’s why pharmacy technician store more quantity of these medicines other then routine in winter season. Human error: When researcher visit these pharmacies they found that some time pharmacy technician make mistake for recording inventory of any medicine like actual inventory is 101 pieces and pharmacy technician record 110 pieces of inventory in computer software. There is always possibility of human error so there is need of verification of each unit with order invoice Inventory Types:These Pharmacies provide different kinds of medicines to it’s customers like injections, tablets, syrup, capsule, syringe and drips etc†¦ When the research group visits Servaid and Fazal Din Pharmacy they found that these pharmacies also provide other retail products like cosmetics and some other general store products.References: Fazal Din Pharmacy, Guardian Pharmacy, Servaid Pharmacy, Pharmacy Managenet By: Shane P. Desselle and David P. Zgarrick Financial Management for Pharmacists By: Andrew L. Wilson The Pharmacy Informatics Primer By: Doina Dumitru referenceforbusiness. com/management/Int-Loc/Inventory-Management. html

Who We Are As People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Who We Are As People - Essay Example Who we are as people is a broad field of analysis of human life and all that is attributed towards it. The bible explains the origin of human life in the book of genesis. Charles Darwin is a scientist who wrote about the origin of man. In his manuscript, man evolved from a single cell. The replication of these cells led to the development of the first species of man. Religious societies have their own way of interpretation creation. However, the method is based on strong belief as it cannot be physically proved. The book of genesis contains the whole story of creation. The religious view of creation believes that human beings were created by a supreme being. Religion concept Religious and scientific aspects of life agree on one common understanding of human traits. They both believe that human beings are supreme creatures. According to the bible, God created heaven and earth and placed inside all the life components that exist. He created man on the last day and rested. Man is consid ered to be a special creature as he was given the breath of life by God Himself. God also appreciated his last creation as he made. This portrays that the last creature was special. Man was made in the image of his creator which was different case with the rest of God’s creation. According to science, man has the most complicated brain. Human beings are the most intelligent creatures. ‘In the text Metamorphoses’ God created heaven and made it a home the stars, He created the sea and made it a home for the fish and finally the earth which he made it to be a home for the wild animal. However, He was not impressed as none of the creatures had higher thought to rule over His creation. Finally, He made man whom he gave the ability to rule over His creation. They have the ability to reason thus differentiate between logic and illogical situations. Man was given the ability to raise his head high and face the sky while the wild animal and flying creatures all bow and fa ce down as a sign of respect for humankind. Technology concept Technology is another aspect that makes human beings special creatures. They have the ability to discover. Human beings are flexible to the inevitable change. They have the ability to manipulate change in order to match their needs. Human beings have a life span and are able to work with nature to ensure their life span is within the life expectancy radar. Self identity Self identity is one of the most important aspects in human life. This is ability to have a sense of belonging. Human beings ought to belong in a certain group or groups. Living things have the ability to correlate but human beings have a special ability to connect as well as correlate with each other (Chapeyama, 24). The idea of connection and correlation provide human beings with the advantage to advance in technology. Self identity is associated with behaviour and intension. Human beings have the power to chose and make decision. Self identity promotes self confident thus the ability to rule or make self decisions. Moral differences Human beings have moral differences which makes have admiration and develop interest in a variety of things. In the context ‘Metamorphoses’ the creation period is referred to as the golden age since there was no law, coercion, no fear nor punishment and no use of threatening or insulting words. This is an indicator that humankind have morally evolved and transformed to evil and unethical ways of life. The earth was smooth without a mark of plough. Currently, the situation has change and human beings are forced to work in order to obtain food. This notion is explained in the book of Genesis, ‘In the sweat of your face you shall eat bread till you return to the ground, for out of it you

Medical malpractice. Requirements Texas Courts Impose for an Expert in Research Paper

Medical malpractice. Requirements Texas Courts Impose for an Expert in Medical Malpractice - Research Paper Example This discussion investigates the commitment of the Texas courts to improve the reliability of medical malpractice experts as sources of vital expert information in medical malpractice cases, with a view to understanding the required qualifications for such experts. Justification Cases involving medical malpractices are some of the most complex ones since the admissibility and the fact finding activities regarding a case are not based on a current occurrence but on a past occurrence that could have caused injury to the patient. This requires that a patient present an expert testimony, which must satisfy the court that the testimony will assist the court in its fact finding mission regarding the case, and that such opinion must be supported by the witness testimony if the case is to be held as valid (Jasper, 2010). This calls upon the experts in the medical malpractice cases to be fully qualified so that they can help the court establish the truth of the matter regarding the case since they are the most reliable source of expertise information in such cases. To enhance the capacity of the medical malpractice experts to help the court establish the truth regarding the failure of a physician to adhere to the required standards of care for patients, the State of Texas has provided certain qualifications, which the experts must meet. Definition of Terms Medical malpractice means professional negligence by a physician by way of action or omission that causes injury or death to a patient. Expert means someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or skill Review of Literature For an individual to qualify as an expert in a medical malpractice case, the individual must be knowledgeable and conversant with the procedures, methods and treatments applicable in the area where the physician, who is the defendant in the case, operates (Baker, 2010). This qualification is essential since it allows the expert opinion granted by the individual to be based on the acc eptable standards, procedures and treatment methods, as there are different medical practices for different regions. If an expert who is not conversant with the medical standards and procedures of the area is enlisted to provide an expert opinion, he/she will most likely base the assessment of the procedures and treatment methods on the standards of the area he/she is conversant with, thus giving an expert opinion that might mislead the court since the same standards could not be applicable in the region in question (Jasper, 2010). Thus, the courts in Texas allow medical malpractices experts to issue a statement of opinion if they are familiar with the acceptable standards of operation in the region. A clear understanding of the acceptable operation standards in a region allows the expert to be guided in giving a fair and adequate opinion regarding the level of act or omission of the physician defendant, which translates to liability (Roach, 2006). The other qualification for an exp ert in the medical malpractice case is specialization in the defendant’s field (Roach, 2006). While there was a tendency of allowing experts to give an opinion regarding the knowledge they have in the standards of operations of a certain field, it is certainly not possible for an expert to give a fair, adequate and valid expert opinion if he/she has not specialized in the field of the defendant. Additionally, it would not be possible either to give an expert opinion that is credible if the medical malpractice expert has no experience in performing the operations and techniques in respect

The design book for new home owners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The design book for new home owners - Essay Example book writer, my father architect and author Eduardo Rozas, for his kindness and devotion, and for his endless support with my career; his selflessness will always be remembered. I have enormous sympathy for homeowners. We all know what a struggle it is to find the home that fits your lifestyle, wish list, and budget. I deal with questions regarding this issue on a daily basis. This is pretty much my life; like the popular saying ‘I am my business, my business is me’. I am a natural problem solver. I was the oldest sister to two brothers and always had to look after them. This is the same way I treat my clients and is partly what inspired this book’s creation. This is a book that will not only help my clients or people I know, but people around the world who struggle when it is time to find that perfect house. In my research for this book I was not able to find a guide or a manual that had all the content needed to not only find the home of your dreams, but to also design it afterwards. This is my professional approach to this problem homeowners and future homeowners face. So here you are about to read my years of knowledge and professional experience. From now on when I am faced with a challenging question from clients, I am proud to say I have a book that may help you achieve all your goals when finding this dream home. I have ten years of experience with residential and commercial architectural and interior design clients, and seven years of studies in the areas of architecture and interior design. Not only have I helped my clients, I have also helped family and friends. I come from a family of architects, including my parents, sister, brother-in-law, and brother. Architecture, design and art are part of who I am and my life. I felt the need to put this knowledge to use and reach a bigger audience. In reality not everyone can afford or feel comfortable hiring an architect or interior designer. Additionally, this world is filled of do it yourselfers.

A study on pathological gambling as an addiction

A study on pathological gambling as an addiction It has been found that between 70 to ninety percent of adults gamble at some point in their life. (Ladoucer, 1991). These figures are from Canada but can be genralised to most developed civilisations. According to the DSM criteria pathological gambling is am impulse control disorder, which is displayed by a persistent and uncontrolled gambling, failure to stop gambling, feeling withdrawal symptoms and uneasiness when not aloud to take part in a gambling activity and finally increased gambling. (ref). The increased availability of gambling opportunities often makes this a hard condition to recover from, as well as increasing the amount of people suffering from pathological gambling(ref). Pathological gambling causes the obvious financial problems (ref), but like any other addiction it causes social problems as well (ref). Along with this pathological gambling has been linked in some cases to higher rates of suicide attempts (ref). Pathological gambling is classified as a behavioural addiction, rather than a chemical addiction. Although seemingly different these both manifest in the same way, that is the enduring engagement in uncontrolled self-destructive behaviour, despite its negative consequences (ref). There are many different theories of behavioural addiction, in particular pathological gambling and how it should be treated, which will be critically reviewed and considered. It would seem that in the seemingly distant past psychodynamic approaches such as those put forward by Freud and Bergler were prevalent. Since then many approaches and theories to the causes of pathological gambling have been found, these models include; the medical model, some behavioural models, psychological models, cognitive behavioural approaches and of coarse biological, physiological and models of personality. Some of these models are reviewed and considered in greater depth. To start with psychodynamic approaches will be looked at. As is commonly known amongst academic community, these approaches are relatively old, mostly carried out in the early 1900s. Due to the age of these theories and the pace at which theories are changed these psychodynamic approaches may seem quite irrelevant. It is important to gain an understanding of this area as some theories take a basis from psychodynamic approaches. According to the psychodynamic approach, gambling is a way of expressing feelings connected with the pre-genital psychosexual stages (Greenson). In true psychodynamic style pathological gamblers often feel that they have been denied the attention and love they deserved from their parents and as a result need erotic satisfaction, which in tern seems to create a need for excitement and pleasure, as well as a promise of gain. According to psychodynamic theories gambling caters for these needs (Simmel 1920). So in a nut shell gambling is a substitute for feelings of subconscious sexual conflicts. Arguably the founder of psychodynamics, Freud (1928), reported that gamblers do not play to win money, quite the opposite. In fact Freud states that gamblers gamble to loose in order to provide a self-inflicted punishment for the guilt carried with an over compulsion to masturbate, which can be related to an Oedipal conflict. This idea put forward by Freud seems quite masochistic, in the way that that the gambler is actually taking part to loose and there for punish themselves. Bergler (1967) agreed with Freud in the respect that a gambler unconsciously desires to lose. Bergler had a different opinion on why compulsive gamblers get addicted. This is that in their unconscious they dislike authority figures, who during childhood, made them consider the reality pleasure instead of the pleasure principle. These could be parental figures or teachers. This unconscious feeling causes them to try and almost rebel against the people who support the reality p rinciple as well as he principle its self, this in turn causes a need to punish themselves as a bi-product of having too much built up unconscious aggression. So far only the very surface of the psychodynamic approach towards pathological gambling has been looked at. In summary according to the psychodynamic approach there seems to be three ideas to explain pathological gambling an unconscious substitute for pre-genital libidinal and aggressive outlets associated with Oedipal conflicts, a desire for punishment in reaction to the guilt, and a means for recurrent re-enactments, but not resolutions, of the conflict (Allcock, 1986, p. 262). So these being the main ideas a treatment plan can be called upon. Treatments of pathological gamblers offered by the psychodynamic approach are concerned with the narcissistic personality and the related characteristics. Psychoanalysis has been used in an attempt to try and help pathological gamblers, but in most cases have failed. Berglers (1957) study is one of the more classic studies and showed a 75% rate of success. This though was only based on 30% of the overall group looking for treatment, meaning that it was in fact a lot lower than 75%. Another issue is the lack of follow up treatment given, with no information given about possible relapses. This is not the only study where this is the case. In a review Greenberg (1980) stated Effectiveness rates of gamblers treated psychoanalytically have ranked from poor to guarded optimism. This simply means that results are not very good or are shadowed by other factors, such as selection bias and lack of follow ups. It would seem that a lot of the studies and journals available to view for the psycho dynamic approach deal with small sample sizes and do not have important experimental factors, such as control groups. This causes problems with generalisability and also shows why the psychodynamic approach was disregarded as a treatment for behavioural conditions, this coupled with their lack of consideration for social factors. The next theory that will be looked at is the disease or medical model. This is often seen as a very black and white model (Blume, 1987), meaning that its ether on or off, someone either has a condition or they dont, there is no in-between. Every condition is viewed as a disease. So in terms of pathological gambling, the gambler is pathological or quite simply is not. The disease model, as the name suggests, views pathological gambling as a disease and so the cause is physiological, and pathological gamblers are often predisposed. According to Blume, being a disease, addictive conditions, such as gambling, manifests through stages of development, has signs characteristic to the condition and has symptoms, much like a disease. This is all out of the persons conscious control, not so different to the psychodynamic ideas. This concept of a disease suggest that the condition worsens, which will eventually require treatment in order to prevent worsening. It is thought that the physiological underpinning means that there is no out right cure and that it is irreversible. This means that according to the disease model that the most appropriate treatment is abstinence, similar to that of alcohol (ref). This seems like an odd treatment, as it would suggests that there is in fact no real way of recovering, just a treatment. This model is not used so much now(refbig paper), but is more of a halfway house with other theories, such as the biological explanations of pathological gambling. The biological approach to pathological gambling is, in relative terms a rather new theory. It is made up of many components to try and explain different aspects of pathological gambling. These all make the same assumption that a physiological cause is behind addiction, much like both the psychodynamic and the disease model. The first aspect with in the biological approach to be considered is that of hemispheric dysregulation (Goldstein et al, 1985). By comparing EEG patterns of recovered pathological gamblers, Goldstein observe that pathological gamblers EEG readings where similar to those of patients suffering with ADHD (Carlton and Goldstein, 1987). This means that they had a shorter attention span, frontal lobe lesions. This is also very similar to findings of alcoholism which have also led to more reported symptoms of ADHD symptoms with in the population of problem gamblers (Rugle and Melamed, 1993). This all seems very convincing, but the original 1985 study by Goldstein was only carried out on eight participants, such a small study provides problems with generalisability. Other suggestions are that it is connected to faults in the neurotransmitter systems (Blanco et al, 2000). This includes the Serotoneric system, which as the name suggests holds the function of serotonin release. If this is not functioning, to a healthy level, then psychiatric syndromes, such as impaired impulse control, can become present. This has been linked with pathological gambling (Blanco et al, 1996). Later research by Berg et al (1997) failed to support these findings, stating in the following wel used quote, risk-taking does not have a unitary neurochemical correlate. If risk-taking is a form of loss of control over impulse, it follows that impulse control is not merely a simple function of the neural serotonin systems. (p.475). Links have also be found in DNA, supporting the biological idea Perez de Castro (1999). According to Brunner et al (1993) these is a link between genetic deficit coding and impulsivity, possibly providing a good explanation. The increased release of Dopamine has also been linked to pathological gambling (Berg et al 2007), this is much like a positive reinforcement. It can though also be linked to a negative inforcment, with more gambling causing a withdrawal, which creates the release of more dopamine, not unlike that of an opiate withdrawal (Berg, 1997). The evidence for the biological approach seems quite strong. There is a few outstanding issues that need to be looked at. For example almost all of the above studies use male participants. This creates an issue as whether they can be used with women. The samples are also very small in most cases. The main problem that can be observed in all the studies in this area is whether the biological processes cause the addiction of the addiction its self, causes these biological processes. So as can be seen the medical/disease model and the biological model are both very similar but can be separated in the way that the biological model believes that pathological gambling can be treated with certain drugs. So far all models, with the exception of psychodynamic, have been based on biological internal processes. The cognitive social learning and behavioural theories are based on external and behavioural processes. The learning theories suggest that gambling is a learned behaviour that has resulted from both operant and classical conditioning. According to the behavioural view point there are a mixture of different positive reinforcement these are, the amount of money that is won (Moran, 1979), excitement gained (Brown, 1986). Obviously there are also negative reinforcement, namely the escapism that gambling can produce (Diskin, 1997). Some how though theses models dont seem complete. They can not explain punishments, like the cost of gambling, as discouraging to the gambler, which using a classic behavioural model it would be. Despite this, studies into using behavioural theories of addiction as treatment have been very successful. Behavioral treatment studies have, however, provided some of the most comprehensive treatment literature on PG. Treatments based on learning principles (i.e., behavior modification) have involved aversion therapy using physical or imaginal stimuli (Barker; Barker and Goorney), controlled gambling/behavioral counseling (Dickerson Weeks, 1979), positive reinforcement of gambling abstinence, paradoxical intention (Victor Krug, 1967), covert sensitization (Bannister and Cotler), and imaginal desensitization (McConaghy, Armstrong, Blaszczynski, Allcock, 1983). These have been administered singularly or in combination. However, due to methodological shortcomings in such studies, it is difficult to assess how effective these treatments are. Most of these treatment studies have small sample sizes and limited follow-up periods. They have unspecified or poorly operationalized dependent variables/criteria for successful outcome or treatment objectives (Allcock, 1986). Also, there is usually a lack of controlled comparisons of one treatment with another or with a placebo procedure, or combinations of several techniques are used concurrently so that identification of the active component is impossible (Blaszczynski Silove, 1995).

Essay --

China has many traditions that they follow very closely. Not much of the Chinese culture has been forgotten or not practiced anymore. But there is one tradition that China does not practice, and for good reason too. Chinese foot binding was first used to show superiority and power. Over the years women started to foot bind their daughters to show beauty and class. Chinese foot binding started in 1700-1027 B.C., during the Shang Dynasty. Foot binding started with the royal family. The Shang Empress had a clubfoot, so she demanded that foot binding be required in the court. Over the years foot binding spread throughout China. The wealthy did it to show wealth and power and eventually even farmers started to bind their feet, making it easier for them to marry into wealth. 40 percent to 50 percent of Chinese women had bound feet in the 19th century. For the upper classes, the figure was almost 100 percent. â€Å"Some estimate that as many as 2 billion Chinese women broke and bound their feet to attain this agonizing ideal of physical perfection†. Farm girls were able to marry into wealth and all was wonderful. People were happy and you were considered beautiful if you had bound feet. Although people were starting to realize that foot binding was making them suffer they continued to do it. They had to be carried around because they couldn’t walk on their prized "three-inch golden lotuses.† Geishas started foot binding before most people except for royalty. The Geishas would bind their feet to show beauty. They were extremely proud of their three-inch prized golden lotuses. "The bandages that women used for foot binding were about 10 feet long, so it was difficult for them to wash their feet," Yang, an old woman now, who grew up in... ...oupe which toured the region. Such public display is a far cry from their youth, when their bound feet limited their freedom, keeping them close to their homes. But the local press criticized the dance troupe, talking of abuse and freak shows. These women yet again are victims of history in a society that finds their dilemma an uncomfortable reminder of its own recent cruelty towards women. Overall, foot binding was a practice that will forever be remembered. Many women have suffered from this horrific practice but they don’t let it hold them back. They strive to overcome being shunned and today, they are respected for surviving the foot binding epidemic. All over China there are old women with bound feet and many stories about growing up with three inch golden lotuses. Many of these women live in the village of Liuyicun. We will never forget the foot binding era .

Knowledge of Programming Fundamentals

The article â€Å"Future Developments: Tomorrow’s IT Stars Will Need More Than Mere Skills† published in eWeek (2004) likens the science of application development to basic reading and writing skills that all educated people have developed.   This is not to say that all people are today equipped with the knowledge of programming fundamentals.   Rather, the author of the article makes the point that since writing an enterprise application requires a mere set of rules and directions such as those that car drivers are acquainted with, it is possible that every educated person in the near future will be equipped with the knowledge of programming fundamentals.By following a set of rules and directions, therefore, every person who needs to write an enterprise application or software program would be able to find his way.   In that case, what would be the job of trained programmers?   The author describes the programmers of tomorrow as masters in their science.   Lik e â€Å"master tour guides,† these individuals would be akin to the â€Å"Formula 1 racers who can push their enabling technology to new limits.†Ã‚   So yes, there will be need in the days to come for trained computer scientists.   All the same, today’s programmer must seek to be a master in the science – one who knows more about the technology than laymen who merely follow the guidelines to programming.Given that the layman, too, should be able to follow specific rules to write applications, it is wise to let the computer software be divided into operating systems and applications.   This makes it easier for anyone who is not a master in computer science to easily use both operating systems and applications, each with their own guidelines for operation.   If applications and  operating systems were integrated, the layman would have to learn much more than he would be willing to learn about programming anyhow.Lastly, Coffee (2004) asks if knowledg e of programming fundamentals would be required in the same way in the future that reading and writing are taken for granted today as basic skills.   Based on the summary of the article above, the answer to the question is: Yes, every working professional who wishes to follow the set of rules and directions to write his own program in the future would be able to do so almost perfectly.   However, unlike reading and writing skills that are acquired by both working and unemployed people, the skill of writing programs by following a set of guidelines is not expected to be acquired by all people.

Daphnia magna Essays

Daphnia magna Essays Daphnia magna Paper Daphnia magna Paper This chapter provides an overview of the biology of waterless of the genus Daphnia. It describes basic aspects of Individual physiology and nutrition, Including some remarks about Immunity. It summarizes the typical life cycle and development of Daphnia. The modes of reproduction and the induction of resting egg production in cyclic and obligate parthenogenesis forms are discussed. Finally, population biological aspects, such as behavioral ecology, habitat preferences, population genetics, and population dynamics, are introduced. Go to: Introduction The following introduction summarizes the key aspects of the natural history of the genus Daphnia. It is far from exhaustive. Because much of the biology has been studied over the past 250 years and is considered to be common knowledge, I give no references to specific studies In most cases. The Interested reader may consult Fryer (1991), Steer (Bibb Lambert and Simmer (1 999), and Peters and De Bernard (1987), from which much of the information was taken. A search on the Internet using the term Daphnia or Clamored will also bring up a large body of information. Of particular interest is the Clamored Web page of the university of Gullah in Canada. The reader familiar with Daphnia may skip this chapter and move on to Chapter 3. Daphnia are platonic crustaceans that belong to the Payload (sometimes called Bronchiolar), which are characterized by flattened leaf-like legs used to produce a water current for the filtering apparatus. Within the bronchioles, Daphnia belong to the Clamored, whose bodies are enclosed by an unqualified shell (Figures 2. 1 and 2. 2), known as the carapace. It has a double wall, between which hemolytic flows and which Is part of the body cavity. The carapace Is largely made of chitin, a polysaccharide. Clamored have up to 10 pairs of appendages, which are (from front to back): untangles, antennae (the second antennae, used for swimming): maxillae: and mandibles; followed by 5 (as in Daphnia) or 6 limbs on the trunk. The limbs form an apparatus for feeding and respiration. At the end of the abdomen is a pair of claws. The body length of Clamored ranges from less than 0. 5 mm to more than 6 mm. Males are distinguished from females by their smaller size, larger untangles, modeled post-abdomen, and first legs, which are armed with a hook used in clasping. It describes basic aspects of individual physiology and nutrition, including some remarks about immunity. It summarizes the typical life cycle and development of references to specific studies in most cases. The interested reader may consult Fryer (1991), Steer (1993), Lambert and Simmer (1999), and Peters and De information. Of particular interest is the Clamored Web page of the University of and which is part of the body cavity. The carapace is largely made of chitin, a to back): untangles, antennae (the second antennae, used for swimming); maxillae; modified post-abdomen, and first legs, which are armed with a hook used in clasping.

Human Fine Body Hair Enhances Ectoparasites Detection, by Dean and Shiva

Human Fine Body Hair Enhances Ectoparasites Detection, by Dean and Shiva Introduction In this research article, Dean and Shiva-Jothy experimentally tested the relationship between the defensive action of human hair and the activities of ectoparasites. In the study the co-researchers have used experiential design to compare a parasite search times on the shaved and unshaved arm of the same host and the ability of the host to detect the presence of the parasite (Dean Siva-Jothy, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Fine Body Hair Enhances Ectoparasites Detection, by Dean and Shiva-Jothy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The researchers examined the relationship between an individual’s level of hairiness, search time and the detection ability of the ectoparasites. The paper fits well into the wider context of the study because it aims at investigating the possible cause and effect relationship by manipulating one dependent variable to influence the other variables in the group being experimented, and by controlling the other relevant variables and measuring the effects of manipulation through a statistical means. The technique used by the co-researchers indicates the relationship between human fine body hair functions and the detection of ectoparasites. Thus, it is important to identify the link between the ectoparasites’ host choice and the nature and duration of search behavior by the ectoparasites. The gap in this research appears in the evidence and the promising areas of future research. The researchers have attempted to raise questions that are worthwhile and relevant to the topic of the study. However, the core of the validation process and key to the quality of the research is provided by the critical feedbacks in which the theory of the co-researchers is continually reviewed based on their actions and experience. Methods The experiential design used by the co-researchers requires that the individuals sampled are tested both on shaved and unshaved arms to prevent research biases.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The experiential method used by the co-researchers is appropriate because the study is based on individuals in which the subject of the research contribute to the content of the research including the phenomenon being researched and the creative thinking that the co-researchers generate and manage to draw conclusions. The statistical analysis explains the comparison of search times of the ectoparasites on male and female hosts, it indicates the search times compared with treatment of the arms on male hosts but not in female hosts. Moreover, the statistical analysis also indicates the detection of the ectoparasites on shaved and unshaved arms, the hosts detected the ectoparasites significantly more frequently on controlled arms compared with shaved arms in female and male hosts. The co-researcher s employed research methods that were very beneficial in addressing the phenomena under investigation. Descriptive research is the other important method that can be beneficial in this study since it allows the researchers to verify the hypothesis to present a situation and analyze it (Moher, Dulbers Wells, 1994). This research describes the conditions in detail of the present situation. The descriptive method can be used by the researchers to record data in form of a written report according to their perception (Quinn Keough, 2002). Results The results obtained by the co-researchers confirmed the hypothesis, hence providing an opportunity for further research on the topic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Fine Body Hair Enhances Ectoparasites Detection, by Dean and Shiva-Jothy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the research provides a clear ground to make claims that the ectoparasites activity depen ds on the presence of the human fine hair on the body; hence the findings confirmed the research hypothesis. Moreover, it was found out that the ectoparasites had significantly longer search times on unshaved arms on male hosts but not on female hosts. The co-researchers presented the data in a clear way that is easy to understand and interpret. However, the co-researchers failed to provide an explanation on the differences that existed between the male and female hosts. Discussion The data presented by the statistical analysis indicate that the presence of the fine body hair prolongs the search behavior of the ectoparasites and enhances the detection of the searching ectoparasites. It clearly indicates that a higher hair index increases the chances of the hosts to detect the ectoparasites. The research indicates that due to the differences in hair index in males and females, there are implications on gender differences in the detection of the ectoparasites. Therefore, there is need to conduct further studies in order to come up with a better reason that causes the differences between male and female hosts. Due to the differences in the number of males and females who took part in this research, the conclusions may be over generalized because it does not fairly represent the actual population. The other methods should be more simple and easy to interpret. For instance, the line graphs indicate data in different points over time (Ryan Bernard, 2000). In a line graph the x- axis indicates the time interval and the y-axis indicates the values of the dependent variable (Tashakkori Teddlie 1998). A pie chart can also be used because it is easy to interpret the results and the contribution of each item to the whole, and the figures provided as a percentage of the whole (Montgomery, 1997).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, the co-researchers have made very important caveats in this study for instance, the research findings are introduced because there is evidence that the research was performed with methodological rigor and the findings are bias free. In addition, the co-researchers have used statistical analysis that has made it easy to interpret raw data into meaningful data. The findings of the data confirm the hypothesis of the research through the determination of the relationship between an individual’s level of hairiness, search time and the detection ability of the ectoparasites. The study fits in line with earlier studies conducted on primates. The study has made advancements from the previous studies because of the inclusion of human beings in the trial experiments as opposed to the earlier studies that used laboratory organisms and primates. Finally, It is important to do further studies on the feeding preferences of the ectoparasites on the hairless parts of the human body. As indicated earlier, the strengths of this research is based on the possible cause and effect relationship by manipulating one dependent variable to influence the other variables in the group being experimented. References Dean, I., Siva-Jothy, M., T. (2011). Human fine body hair enhances ectoparasites detection. Biology Letters, Animal Behavior, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0987. Moher, D., Dulbers C. S., Wells, G., A. (1994). Statistical power, sample size, and their reporting in randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 272:122-124. Montgomery, D., C. (1997). Design and analysis of experiments, 4th edition. New York: John Wiley Sons. Quinn, G. Keough, M. (2002). Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. UK: Cambridge University Press. Ryan, G., W., Bernard, H., R. (2000). Data management and analysis methods. In Norman K. Denzin Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp.769-802). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed meth odology: combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, (Vol. 46). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

This is bussinees economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

This is bussinees economics - Essay Example It is these shared patterns that make individuals identify with a particular group and not another. Attitude also affects the individual behavior in the sense that it is representative of the individual’s state of mind. It shows an individual’s like or dislike and, therefore, prior to any undertaking the outcome of any undertaking is likely to be a product of the attitude. Values are another factor. These are the beliefs that an individual or a certain group has towards a general idea. Having values or principles determines the ethical code of conduct and by extension determines the amount of emotional investment that can be for or against an idea (Volker, 32). Finally, the authority also shapes individual behavior in the sense that depending on the way it is used. This can be attained by cohesion or even convincing a person to carry out an activity. When cohesion is applied, it will in most cases narrow down the options available to the one carrying out the order. In m ost cases when pushed to the wall, the end will always justify the means. It is of great significance to study individual behavior so as to understand one’s own behavior pattern and how it affects day to day interactions. Besides, it allows for the opportunity to make informed choices for corrective measures so as to develop appropriate behavior pattern, not just for personal effectiveness but social effectiveness as well (Volker, 36). In explaining individual behavior, two models have been considered in this case. MARS model of individual behavior, also called MARS BAR explains individual behavior due to both internal and external factors. A breakdown of the acronym is motivation, abilities, role perception and situational factors. They constitute the four major factors that affect individual behavior and outcomes. This model is applicable to many cases but is often used in management,

MODERN JEWISH HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

MODERN JEWISH HISTORY - Essay Example The process of Jewish assimilation involved the cultural assimilation and social integration of the Jews. The Jews used to earlier live in their own tightly integrated community and would hardly integrate with the rest of the cultures in the world. However, during the age of enlightenment, the Jews started integrating themselves with the social surrounding of other cultures in order to assimilate themselves with the east and the western parts of the world. The primary reason as to why the Jews assimilated to different parts of the world, including South America and the Caribbean was to attain nationality in such countries as a way of integrating themselves with various cultures of the world. This phenomenon happened in slow stages, although by the end of the 19th century the Jews had placed themselves with various European and South American cultures, thus socializing with them and attaining their citizenship. This paper shall now address the methods adopted by the Jews to assimilate themselves with rest of the world. When the world was on the journey of renaissance, the Jews had their own place in history. They used to live with each other in a closed nit group and would seldom interact with the rest of the cultures. ... However, Christians, Muslims and other orthodox sects regarded this as disrespect to their culture. Since the Muslims were involved in social integration with Christians, there was a sense of acceptance for them from the European world. However, the Jews never met the same fate since they did not bother to socialize with the remaining class of people. This turned out to be a fallacy for them since they were not looked in the correct perspective from the outer world. The Jews were always a tiny minority since the time their religion came into existence. The Jews were the worshippers of a single God, and the fact that they were such a tiny minority did not allow them to socially integrate with other cultures, as they thought that if they would then the importance of their religion would go down as opposed to Christians and the Muslims, who were much bigger in numbers in comparison to their Jewish counterparts. The struggle to preserve their culture, the language along with their custom was the biggest stumbling block for the Jews in their attempt to socialize with the rest of the world. Those who moved within the European vicinity and adopted the European culture were met with much criticism. The conservative Jews, thus leading to an internal conflict among the Jews as to who were the purists, regarded them as outsiders. The conservatives always opposed the idea of integration, and this led to a break in the fragmentation of Jewish culture. The conservatives never accepted the liberals, and the liberals found it hard to integrate with the socially demanding European cultures consisting of Christians and Muslims, who were in much greater numbers, thus posing a threat to their identity,

Email Tracking And News Posting Tracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Email Tracking And News Posting Tracking - Essay Example They receive messages and forward them to the intermediate systems that indicate the path between the receiver and the sender. Systems facilitate this activity to determine the actual sender of information, however, it ca n be challenging if the founder of messages covers the suspicious emails and news postings. Email tracking involves screening email delivery to the addressee. It enables the sender to know if the intended recipient received the message, but does not show if the email was opened and read (Pappallardo & Ellen 2005). Outlook, Notes, and Eudora are networked software that enable clients interact with the server. Microsoft office outlook develops a read receipt tracking method, which makes the sender access the receipt request option before sending the email. After sending the message, recipients can also bring to the attention of the sender that the email was received and read. Nevertheless, such email applications do not guarantee the sender receipt request. On then ha nd, news postings indicate on the top of the message significant tracks that show the subject header, the sender, date, and dime sent. With such vital information, tracking of group news becomes easier compared to emails. Postings are public and can be accessed by a significant number of people. Emails are private and more personal than news postings since they are addressed to a specific person or group. News postings audience who visit social networking sites such as face book and twitter. News postings are bulletins for everyone in the network to see. They are useful because they inform friends in the network service without resorting to sending messages individually. However, tracking news becomes challenging since posts are deleted affected ten days while emails are stored in the server for future reading and reference. Therefore, tracking of emails have been shown to be easier than postings. When conducting email tracking, one can use the IP address that the user assigned, whi ch will show the time and date the message was sent (US-CERT 2003). Lastly, in email tracking, one can investigate on behalf of the victim, by sending the original message through copy mailing. At this point, one can send the message as an attachment because for warding replaces the suspect’s information. News postings have group link features that enable the use to sign up until the time when her network shall be back. In networking systems, new postings prove to be the perfect destination for everyone to stay connected. Question 2- IRC crimes The growth of technology has been identified with positive and negative effects. The world has witnessed the abuse of this new system making the society acquire a negative attitude. Child pornography is an ex ample of internet related crime because nude figures are exposed on websites, and when children come across them, they become misguided. Scenes of teenagers involving on sexual acts are posted on the internet. This technology can be accessed by anyone regardless of their age. Such websites have chat conversations, which lure children in to immoral conversations that lead to child abuse. Secondly, carding and phishing describe how fraudsters operate in small and secret channels. They code their messages to prevent people who may come across, and discover their network. Therefore, to track carding and phishing, one should have a peculiar access to IRC network servers. Internet related crime is overlooked when computer crimes come in to discussions. It is seen as a less dangerous compared to other types of crimes. Crimes committed on computers become challenging to track because the society lack s information on this issue. Chat rooms have been made to facilitate chatting and communicating globally (Smith 2004).

Reflection Journal Essay Example for Free

Reflection Journal Essay This is the first time I have had the opportunity to study this subject. Being a science student, I have a very basic understanding on the different aspects of Organisational behaviour. I am interested in learning the different theories, concepts and practises that are a part of this course and relating the same with experiences I have had in the past at my previous workplace. This course would also benefit me at my future workplace by honing my job-related and inter-personal skills. Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. The five major functions of management are planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Planning refers to the process of setting goals and how best to achieve them, organising refers to evenly distributing resources so that the plans can be carried out successfully, Staffing pertains to recruitment, selection, development and compensation of subordinates aiming to place right people in the right job, directing refers to the process in which the managers instruct, guide and oversee the performance of the workers to achieve predetermined goals and controlling refers to the process of regulating organisational activities so that actual performance conforms to expected organisational standards and goals. Organisational behaviour can be assessed at three major levels At the individual level, of analysis, At the group level and At the organization level. Even though the basic skills required for a manager are networking skills, traditional management skills, HRM skills and communication skills, the focused skillset is different for different management levels.There are five basic trends in managing contemporary organisations. Globalization refers to the company’s desire to be a part of the global market. Changing workforce implies increased diversity among the working population, primarily more women being part of it. Employment relationship refers to the flexibility and ease of work schedule and culture. Information technology refers to the increased ease with which employees interact and how organisations are configured. Values and ethics refer to important long-lasting beliefs and moral principles for the benefit of the company. Based on these trends, there are many challenges and opportunities for organisational behaviour.An organisation’s Intellectual capital is of three types – human capital, structural capital and relationship capital.The process of knowledge management can be broadly classified into acquisition (learning and experimenting), sharing (communicating) and use (application). In my last workplace, My organisation overcame many challenges related to various aspects of organisational behaviour. Emphasizing on the final result, they allowed the employees to have a flexible work schedule and/or to work from home. This made it very convenient for the employee. We also used trends in Information Technology and scheduled a Video call between a particular project team and our most potential clients once a month. This improved communication and strengthened our relationship with the client.My previous company had its major clientele in the US but it made a lot of attempts to go global. They were trying to pursue projects in the Middle East, UK, Australia, Canada, Singapore, and India and succeeded establishing a clientele in the Middle East. This was an advantage for the employees as it gave us opportunities to experience the work culture in different markets.| 11/12/2012| Unit 2:Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values| There are various factors that influenced my behaviour at my workplace. I can particularly relate to the MARS model in this instance. Positive and negative (that I would look at from a positive angle) motivation from others throughout the tenure of my work has help me become more passionate about my career. Early on in my career, I had not defined my set of goals properly. As a result, the amount of time and effort invested into achieving those unstable goals was wasted. It is very important to have a sound understanding of our work tasks from every angle. During the last few months of my work, I was simultaneously allocated to three projects. I was not able to concentrate on any project properly as my roles and tasks were not clearly defined. Now, after having a clear, sound understanding of the MARS model, I have realized the importance of clearly defining my goals to get self-motivated and my tasks to increase productivity. With respect to my personality, I am responsible for things that happen to me. I am a little low on self-esteem but realizing that future failures will decrease it all the more, I will take considerable steps to improve the same. I am more of a Type-B person by nature and will take that as an advantage in my life as I love setting aside time for leisure and moving at a normal pace. With respect to the CANOE personality model, I am a combination of the Agreeableness and the Extraversion type. With every company trying to become a part of the global market, it is good for everyone to be able to adapt to all cultures. In my previous workplace, I was deployed in the US on a short-term assignment. It would have been great if someone had emphasized the importance of globalization so that I would have mentally prepared myself to adapt to the culture there instead of going there and taking time to get adjusted. Cross cultural issues are predominant in every workplace though a lot of companies are striving hard to get rid of the same. My company has recently acquired a clientele in the Middle East. A few of my colleagues who were deployed on projects there were not aware of the work culture and practises there. They took a while to get used to the culture there. It would have helped them a lot had they had been given a nugget on the importance of being open-minded and flexible.| 17/12/2012| Unit 3: Perception| Perception is an apprehension or intuition that a person has about somebody or something. The world plays a major role in influencing perception. Perceptions in most cases are superficial and far from reality. Perceptions are generally a result of trends, emotions and trying to fill in missing information. Stereotyping is also a kind of perception that and it refers to assigning traits to people based on their social category. It is possible to minimize the trait of stereotyping but is difficult to prevent it. Stereotyping causes unnecessary discrimination and generalization. Perceptions can be more accurate by being wary of perceptual biases, improving self-awareness and increasing meaningful interactions. The self-fulfilling prophecy cycle refers to the way an employee reacts to his leader’s expectations and the way the leader reacts back to the employee’s performance. Leaders should maintain realistic positive expectations towards their employees. A person is an achiever if he does a particular task differently, better than others and maintains his performance consistently. The Johari window improves self-awareness and understanding between colleagues. It asks an individual to be more expressive and also be open to feedback from others so that people are aware of the individual’s level of perception.A global mindset refers to a person’s ability to perceive, interact and get along with people from other cultures. We can cultivate a global mindset by getting to know about other cultures, cross-cultural trainings and understanding oneself and comparing the mindset of people from different cultures. Emotional intelligence refers to a person using his emotions intelligently while dealing with other people. It can be used to motivate oneself and work well with others. Consequences refer to results of a particular behaviour. If the consequence is positive, a reinforcement strategy is applied and if the same is negative a punishment strategy is applied. Perceptions demotivate leaders and the people working with them. In my previous workplace, I had a perception that freshers did not have sufficient technical knowledge to play a major role in challenging projects. But many freshers working with me excelled their tasks well within their deadlines. Therefore, perception is not reality but what we see of reality.Emotional intelligence is an important leadership quality. The project manager at my previous workplace never motivated any of her subordinates and we always had a very negative view of her managerial skills. Now, since I have a fair idea about how to motivate my peers and subordinates using Emotional Intelligence and setting realistic goals, I will learn from my ex-project manager’s mistakes and do the right thing when I become a future leader. | 18/12/2012| Unit 4:Motivation| Motivation refers to the processes that arouse and sustain a person’s desire to attain a particular goal. The main reasons for a person being motivated in a workplace are money, opportunity, belonging, involvement and satisfaction. There are many theories related to what motivates a person. Taking an example of the Maslow’s theory, it applies when one wants to be motivated to succeed in his job and further, but the same does not apply when one wants to be motivated to play a role in Social Responsibility. The other theories are ERG theory where the main reasons for motivation are existence, belonging and growth and McClelland’s theory where the main reasons for motivation are the need for affiliation, power and achievement and Herzberg’s theory where the reasons for motivation are the factors involved in performing a job that lead to satisfaction. All the above content motivation theories confirm that rewards are what play an important role in motivating a person. There are process theories that emphasize on why and how a person gets motivated in the workplace. These theories emphasize on factors that managers have more influence over. If managers get their employees to love their jobs by clearly defining their roles and setting their goals to give them a strong support system and encouraging them, that will be the best form of motivation. Goal setting plays a major role in motivating an employee. A manager and employee should work together and set the employee’s goals. A goal that is moderate to challenging will generally result in a higher employee performance. An employee will also perform better in his job if he is trusted by his manager, given the right level of independence, allocated well-defined tasks and exposed to increased client interaction. The other aspects that motivate an employee are providing them with options like telecommuting, flexible timing and job sharing. Remuneration and rewards do motivate people to a great extent. But that form of motivation does come with a few disadvantages as well.My first team lead at my previous workplace was very stringent with respect to us putting in long hours of work. That demotivated the entire team and decreased our work productivity in the long run. Had he not insisted on long work hours, the team would have achieved its required targets much faster. Opportunity is a key motivation factor as well. One year into my job, my manager promoted me and gave me the opportunity to interact directly with my client. Interacting with the client directly for the first time, I took it up as a challenge and was determined to perform well. The client was very happy with me and gave me a very positive feedback at the end of the project. Unnecessary pressure from the senior management is not a motivating factor. When my project was going through very tight deadlines, the senior management would never be satisfied with our work. Lack of satisfaction and appreciation from our leads made us very disinterested in our work. Had they understood the amount of pressure we were going through and motivated us the right way, We could have gotten through that rough phase a lot more easily. | 7/1/2013| Unit 5:Team Dynamics| Team work is one of the most important aspects of corporate culture. A team is a group of people who are together to achieve a common goal. Teams motivate employees, increase the ease of information sharing and increase work productivity. The major disadvantage of a team is social loafing. In order to minimize social loafing, smaller teams should be formed and individual performance needs to be measured. It is a good idea to plaster the walls of a team space with key issues. This will give instant access to information to quickly resolve issues. Teams are better at complex, structured issues that require a lot of co-ordination. Good team members must be able co-operate, resolve conflict, co-ordinate, comfort and communicate. There are four stages of team development – forming, storming, norming and performing. The better performing team is always a cohesive one. Virtual teams are teams that operate across time, space and organisational boundaries. These teams are more necessary because of factors like globalisation. Brainstorming is a practise that is followed amongst the world’s most creative firms.Team work has always played an important role in my work life. I am a very strong team player. I was working with this client called Toyota and we were a sixteen member team. Though we completed our project successfully at the end, there were many cases of dismal individual performance. People took advantage of the fact that they were part of a team. Had I known then that smaller teams were more productive, I could have suggested to my manager to split us into sub-teams and designate individual tasks at that level. I have been part of a brain storming session many times. Those sessions would have been much more valuable and productive had we defined a set of rules that needed to be followed while brainstorming.| 8/1/2013| Unit 6:Power and Politics| Power is the ability of a person, team or organization to influence others. Power can be legitimate or otherwise. An example of legitimate power would be Obama. An example of misuse of power would be historic Adolf Hitler. The other types of power are reward, coercive, expert and referent power. Reward power is when someone has the power to control rewards and remove negative sanctions. Coercive power is power that can be used to punish. Expert power is power resulting from possessing valuable knowledge or skills. Referent power is power that arises out of respect. Non-substitutability refers to power that comes out of being unique in an environment or industry. Centrality refers to the interdependence between the power holders and others. Centrality is a phenomenon that will strengthen the spirit of a team to a large extent. Influence refers to any behaviour that alters someone else’s behaviour. A person can influence or get influenced positively or negatively. The person can resist, comply or commit to influence. Politics exists at every level of the organisation. Politics increases as management hierarchy increases. It exists at the upper management level the most. People trigger politics to make things easier for themselves. It disturbs the peace and cohesion in a team. Politics cannot be abolished but depending on the individuals in the organisation, it can definitely be minimized and controlled. As with any other organisation, abusive power and politics existed at my previous workplace as well. It existed at a more intense level as we were a very small organisation. We were terribly understaffed when compared to the amount of projects that needed to be completed. Managers used their power and over worked the employees to get work done. Had they been taught to use their authority and power properly they would could have used their power in the right way and implemented long term solutions to the understaffing problems. Politics probably brought individual gain to the person responsible for it but brought about a very negative atmosphere in the team. | 14/1/2013| Unit 7:Leadership| Leadership refers to the process of guiding someone in a work environment to achieve organisational objectives. Followership refers to the process of following a leader. A leader need s to have the drive to lead, integrity, motivation, self-confidence, emotional intelligence, intelligence and a sound knowledge of the business. A leader’s style can be rigid (autocratic), understanding (democratic) or unsuccessful (Laissez-Faire). A leader can be production-oriented or employee-oriented. Though the former will ultimately get the work done, the latter will get the work done bearing in mind the needs and concerns of the employee. For a manager to be successful, It is very important for him to have leadership qualities. He will be able to inspire and drive the team towards reaching its necessary targets. There was gender discrimination with respect to leadership. But now, female leaders have been rated more favourably than male leaders. There have been very few leaders in my previous workplace who have had the right leadership traits. Most of the others were very bossy and managerial by nature. They did not have the right Emotional Intelligence to understand their employees, nor did they have any integrity and did not have the leadership drive in them. It would have been easier for us to complete our tasks without them interfering and troubling us.| 15/1/2013| Unit 8:Change| Change is the only thing that does not change. Change in an organisation is inevitable and is intended for the betterment of the organisation. In the conventional perspective, change had three stages recognizing the need for change and fighting those resisting it, making the change and finally confirming the change. But this model does not promote continuous change. Lewin’s force field analysis model classifies two forces with respect to change – there are restraining forces that oppose change and driving forces that encourage change. People resist change due to fear of the unknown, saving face, breaking routines and loss in current perks. We can minimize the resistance to change by communicating the change well in advance, implementing the change over a stretched period of time and involving everyone necessary to be a part of the change. Change can also be made through social networking. Change agents refer to anyone who can facilitate the change correctly. Typically, change agents are consultants from outside the company who diagnose the change, introduce it, stabilize it and finally collect feedback. Change in an organisation will take its employees some time getting used to. Initially, my company had an attendance register that we used to sign every time we got into the office. Then, the management implemented a policy asking us to swipe our access cards insisting on us clocking a minimum of eight hours in our office. A lot of people suffered salary cuts because of forgetting to swipe in or swipe out. This change was sudden and took us quite a while to get used to. | 16/1/2013| Unit 9:Organisational Culture| Organisational culture is the backbone of every organisation. It is the company’s DNA, invisible but the most important part of the organisation. It is important for an employee to be comfortable and adapt to the company’s culture. A strong organizational culture involves innovation, stability, respect for people, outcome orientation, attention to detail, team orientation and positive aggression. Culture can be defined at the organisational, local, regional and national level. The basic artefacts of organisational culture comprise of rituals, ceremonies, language and physical structures/symbols. A company with a strong culture has better performance. When one company acquires another company or merges with another company, the cultures of both the companies are usually combined into one corporate culture. An organisation’s culture becomes stronger by attracting applicants, selecting applicants to become company employees and the employees finally quitting the company. Socializing refers to learning and adjusting to strategic and cultural dynamics of an organisation. An employee goes through three general stages of socialization first being an outsider, then a newcomer and finally an insider (employee) of the organisation. | | Overview Summary| This course has stressed on the significance of various concepts that are a vital part of organisational behaviour. I have realised the significance of motivation, managerial leadership, minimizing workplace politics, team building and cohesion, knowledge management, change management, efficient use of authority, perception evading, emotional intelligence, modern organisational trends and overcoming of cross cultural issues amongst others. In my previous workplace, I was deployed on an onsite assignment in the US to work at Twentieth Century Fox. There, I was allocated to work for two projects at the same time, all of which involved getting work done from my inexperienced subordinates in India. I can relate to a lot of OB concepts that could have helped me manage my all aspects of my work better. The work culture in the US differed a lot from that in India. It took me some time to adjust to the differences. At Fox, My challenge was to interact with people from all cultures at a global level. Also, my senior management had not defined my roles in both the projects properly. Since I had freshers working with me from India, I perceived them to not be capable of working in such critical projects and hence did not motivate them. That did not spread any team spirit among our project members. If I had been enlightened with the importance of workplace motivation, it would have been easier for us to complete the project tasks. I have also understood the pertinence of positive leadership. I lacked the leadership qualities to drive the project in a positive manner even though I had a sound understanding of the business. In the future, I will motivate my subordinates and address all their concerns so that they contribute better to the project. My company did not have a knowledge management process in place. When I was leaving the company, since there was nobody else competent enough to replace me, we lost one project to a competitor. This loss could have been avoided if there had been an efficient knowledge management and succession planning strategy in place. In future, as a leader, I am very sure all the concepts learnt as part of this course will help me overcome a lot of organisational level obstacles at my workplaces and make my road to success a lot easier.